A hard link means a currency board, no less.

We're paying on time, and we're paying in hard currency.

What explains the prevalence of fixed rate regimes outside the hard currency countries?

The economic woes in Ukraine have been hitting the local currency, hryvnya, hard.

Even with floating rates central banks will need hard currency reserves, and will at times need to use them in currency markets.

The Chinese have 2 trillion in hard currency reserves to back up their promise.

Because the dynamics of Argentine debt were so unstable, a hard currency exchange rate peg could not last.

Lending to the emerging economies is hardly attractive, either, with even the riskiest economies offering low hard currency yields.

Currency Chaos

Do what Argentina did, or Italy. Give up the national money and create a hard link to a world class currency.

Do what Argentina did, or Italy. Give up the national money and create a hard link to a world class currency.

Hard pegs in the form of a strict currency board these states' current arrangement may be their only prudent policy choice.

Argentina was stuck with its currency board and overvalued currency.

Nepali currency became the standard currency in trans Himalayan trade.

Oil Currency Hypocrisy

Controlling China s Currency

The Currency Quandary

Currency of payments

East Asia s victims of currency crises were, like most other nations, on fixed rates pegged to the dollar, other major hard currencies, or baskets of currencies. The central bank promised to redeem its own currency on demand by any holders, foreign or domestic, in prescribed amounts of hard currencies.

This temporary collapse has shaken public confidence and endangered the balance sheets of Ukrainian banks and companies that have hard currency debts.

First, Argentina should end its currency board and devalue its currency.

A currency board prevents governments and central banks from currency manipulation.

The central bank promised to redeem its own currency on demand by any holders, foreign or domestic, in prescribed amounts of hard currencies.

But it is hard to see how the single currency can survive much longer without a decisive move towards a far stronger fiscal union.

No wonder that the French, who have rarely had a hard currency to call their own, are nervous and want something, anything, to be done.

Tahap kedua, dimulai pada tahun 1985, menunjukkan kelebihan pasokan, sebab banyak eksportir komoditas secara bersamaan berupaya menambah hard currency, berulang kali di tengah krisis ekonomi.

The slump in demand is coming at a time when Russia is desperate for hard currency, owing to sanctions that exclude it from credit markets.

Czechoslovakian currency was not freely convertible without the currency assurance, it was not possible to obtain financial means (Western currency) for travelling West.

Foreign financing fueled foreign currency credit growth, even for borrowers without foreign currency income.

Foreign financing fueled foreign currency credit growth, even for borrowers without foreign currency income.

Japanese Lessons for China s Currency

Who Caused the Currency Wars?

Whose currency is the euro?

The Return of Currency Wars

Lenin and the currency competition.

1977 Chairman, Counterfeit Currency Tribunal.

A currency converter and calculator

Hard Turkey

Study hard.

Try hard.

It's hard.

Many borrowers, unable to get funding on reasonable terms domestically, were forced to take hard currency loans from abroad, creating disastrous burdens when the ruble collapsed.

There is also a risk of a hard landing for emerging market economies, as trade, financial, and currency links transmit real and financial shocks to them.

East Asia s victims of currency crises were, like most other nations, on fixed rates pegged to the dollar, other major hard currencies, or baskets of currencies.

Study hard and work hard to accomplish your dreams.