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Meanwhile, financial repression lowered the cost of capital.

In issuing contingent capital, banks would have to pay a higher interest rate than they would on ordinary long term debt, because debt investors will face the true cost of capital, not the government subsidized cost. Over time, however, the interest rate premium is likely to be small, because higher capital requirements and contingent capital should significantly reduce the likelihood of ever reaching the triggers.

Information technologies are a cost effective form of capital.

Higher transactions taxes increase the cost of capital, ultimately lowering investment.

The institutional framework responsible for Euroland's poor economic performance may improve, or capital markets may become more volatile, making the cost of bearing exchange rate risks intolerable.

The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is the rate that a company is expected to pay on average to all its security holders to finance its assets.

The Chinese could abolish capital controls and let the renminbi s exchange rate float.

Environmentally safe nanotechnology will come at a cost in time, money, and political capital.

According to the European Commission, creating a single European capital market would reduce the cost of equity capital for EU businesses by 0.5 and lower the cost of corporate debt financing by 0.4 .

Revenue and cost is a function of flow rate, our revenue is not quite simple.

And, to address volatile capital flows, countries should increase exchange rate flexibility, maintain adequate international reserves, and implement carefully designed capital controls.

Distortions in key prices that favor capital intensive manufacturing need to be removed by raising the cost of land, energy, water, and capital.

Capital gains should be taxed at least at as high a rate as ordinary income.

The White House argues the true cost of operating the helicopter is well below that rate.

Indeed, investment banks like Goldman Sachs and Barclays Capital are already inventing new types of securities to reduce the capital cost of holding risky assets.

To place a cost to taxpayers based on the reimbursement rate estimates is highly misleading, Walters said.

An invasion of short term capital flows fleeing the slow growth, low interest rate advanced countries.

This vital source of capital is falling at an alarming rate 8.4 year on year in January.

And a lower growth rate implies that less investment is needed to maintain the capital output ratio.

Today s historically low interest rates should encourage long term investment, as they lower the current cost of capital.

Similarly, banks would have incentives to game capital adequacy requirements by manipulating how capital and assets are defined. Indeed, investment banks like Goldman Sachs and Barclays Capital are already inventing new types of securities to reduce the capital cost of holding risky assets.

In earlier times, growth was fueled by capital scarcity capital investment attracted a high rate of return, and this created a virtuous circle of saving and investment.

The 7.8 exchange rate was maintained at the cost borne by all citizens of six years of economic stagnation.

The result is an increase in the cost of capital to firms, which lowers investment and exacerbates the crisis.

Managing the exchange rate becomes much more difficult when capital is free to come and go as it pleases.

The saving rate is the lifeblood of any economy, because foreigners cannot be expected to finance capital investment forever.

As the only major economy with capital controls, China has created its own exorbitant privilege it can determine its exchange rate because no other big countries impose capital controls.

Over time, however, the interest rate premium is likely to be small, because higher capital requirements and contingent capital should significantly reduce the likelihood of ever reaching the triggers.

Thus, while liberalization of Japan's capital market in the early 1980s tied Japanese and US interest rate movements, Japanese interest rates were discounted by the expected rate of currency appreciation.

The key is to reflect on six kinds of capital goods business capital, infrastructure, human capital, intellectual capital, natural capital, and social capital.

Since the peak annual rate of capital inflow was 803 billion (in 2006), the increased household saving has the potential to eliminate almost all of America s dependence on foreign capital.

Nor has it liberalized labor and product markets, and it maintains strict control over the exchange rate and capital account.

Merchandise needn t pass through the capital, as it does in most Latin American and Caribbean countries, with the associated cost increases.

Indeed, in many countries, exaggerated fears of deflation are keeping interest rates depressed and the cost of capital at historic lows.

In a well functioning economy, one would have expected the low cost of capital to be the basis of healthy growth.

Regulators take the view that the impact of higher capital requirements on the cost of credit to borrowers will be modest, as the overall cost of funds to banks will not rise much.

So devaluation isn't a decrease in the exchange rate of the national currency it's a decrease in the cost of the people.

First, they must accumulate capital, which implies a high savings rate that will help pay for new machines, equipment, and infrastructure.

The energy sector has a relatively slow rate of capital replacement because of the long lifetimes of much of its infrastructure.

There could be an international agreement that every country would impose a carbon tax at an agreed rate (reflecting the global social cost).

Emerging market countries are turning to an array of techniques to discourage capital inflows or sterilize their effect on the exchange rate.

Other models have large quarterly shocks to the depreciation rate in the capital stock (in order to generate high asset price volatilities)...

For emerging markets, the best way forward is to correct the incentives for interest rate arbitrage at the source of capital flows.

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