Net outflows have significantly offset the benefits derived from FDI inflows.

A complementary approach is to liberalize capital outflows further, in order to offset inflows.

The third panelist highlighted the trends and development of FDI inflows and outflows in the Asia Pacific region.

Emerging countries are inundated with capital inflows one day, and faced with abrupt and equally destabilizing outflows the next.

The pro cyclical boom bust cycles of private capital inflows and outflows underscore the need for developing market institutions and instruments that encourage more stable capital flows.

The fourth option is to impose capital controls on inflows (or liberalize controls on outflows). Leaving aside the issue of whether or not such controls are leaky, evidence suggests that controls on inflows of short term hot money do not affect the overall amount of capital inflows.

New refugee outflows

That reflected the very different patterns of cash outflows, which tended to be regular, and cash inflows, which were less predictable and tended to be skewed towards the second half of the year.

But then, yet a few decades later and reinforced by longer life expectancy and sharply lower birth rates, the system goes bust tax inflows are insufficient to balance the outflows in the form of payments to retirees.

Yet massive population outflows from conflict continued.

The portion of capital inflows that is not re exported represents net capital inflows.

What has fed these inflows?

Moreover, even with United States net foreign liabilities of more than 2 trillion, the annual inflows of income from United States holdings of foreign assets have always been higher than the outflows on its foreign liabilities.

Taxes on inflows can play a similar role, as can minimum stay periods for capital inflows.

One is that Governments have been supporting FDI outflows.

Why does no one want capital inflows?

Although a marked liberalization, and deregulation and privatization policies, had been implemented, FDI inflows to Africa as a proportion of total developing country inflows had declined.

In other cases, the capital outflows only worsen already difficult situations.

The ruble s free fall has been driven mainly by capital outflows.

The operation initially aimed at preventing refugee outflows into neighbouring Kenya.

Mexico and Brazil accounted for half of the regional total inflows.

41. Inflows of commercial loans and private investment, which accounted for approximately one third of the capital inflows during the 1970s, collapsed during the 1980s.

During the 1980s in particular, growing quantities of debt interest and principal constituted major outflows.

The portion of capital inflows that is not re exported represents net capital inflows. This finances domestic spending on foreign goods.

It also invites destabilizing hot money capital inflows.

So restricting capital inflows is not necessary now.

Some resorted to capital account regulations on inflows, such as taxes on the foreign purchases of bonds, equities, and derivatives, reserve requirements on short term inflows, and so forth.

Industries that depend heavily on external finance grew faster in countries with large capital inflows than in countries with more modest inflows.

The main refugee outflows concerned Sudanese refugees fleeing to Chad (130,000), Uganda (14,000) and Kenya (2,300).

The large outflows of exports from the former Soviet Union depressed, particularly, aluminium and nickel prices.

This increase is related mainly to inflows into developing

And while only 37 of inflows in 2006 were hot money that can leave at a moment s notice, last year such inflows accounted for 69 of the total.

An increase in FDI outflows is a priority in China for two reasons.

Judging by low stock prices and high capital outflows, investors were already betting against high growth rates.

Indeed, the problem today is not excessive capital inflows international markets have largely turned against emerging markets. So restricting capital inflows is not necessary now.

Another global financial crisis could disrupt short term capital inflows.

But these capital inflows also seem to discourage institutional development.

This latter phenomenon represents negative outflows of FDI from host countries back to Singapore.

However, these have been partially offset by net outflows of other kinds of capital.

China, India, the Republic of Korea, Hong Kong (China) and Singapore projected higher inflows.

The main refugee outflows concerned Sudanese refugees fleeing to Chad (130,000), to Uganda (14,000) and to Kenya (2,300).

China has remained a small source of FDI outflows, but that, too, is changing rapidly.

The country has recently seen a large increase in its outflows of FDI by SMEs.

But financial inflows into Chechnya are often more destabilizing than helpful.

Capital inflows produced a wealth effect, but only while they lasted.