That said, the ratio of capital formation does require careful monitoring.

The group calls their version of contingent capital regulatory hybrid securities.

And a lower growth rate implies that less investment is needed to maintain the capital output ratio.

China s decision to execute the head of its drug regulatory agency has rekindled international debate about capital punishment.

This is rarely possible in the developing world, which suffers from outmoded regulatory structures and underdeveloped capital markets.

This is reflected in the current investment ratio for real capital assets of 43 of GDP, compared to 4.3 investment in human capital in the form of education.

More fundamentally, creating the regulatory institutions conducive to ownership separation may be impossible unless a society's political orientation towards labor and capital is more favorable to capital.

Reckless balance sheet expansion in pursuit of profit is kept in check if financial companies adhere to statutory capital requirements, which mandate a capital asset ratio of about 8 .

Better repayment prospects and lower regulatory capital costs then fuel the asset based financing of further acquisition of assets.

Because of the capital utilization effect, the capital labor ratio would not, in fact, decline, and hence there would be no significant effect on the marginal productivity of hours worked.

Absent international coordination, the opportunities for destructive regulatory competition will defeat regulatory reform.

Although high growth requires large scale capital formation, the relation between investment in real capital assets and human capital in China seems to be out of proportion. This is reflected in the current investment ratio for real capital assets of 43 of GDP, compared to 4.3 investment in human capital in the form of education.

Some fear that extending the workday will not produce more jobs because the resulting expansion of hours worked will reduce the capital labor ratio.

Regulatory philosophies are converging, too.

The Harm of Regulatory Disharmony

Furthermore, by raising regulatory capital costs in boom times, some counterweight to the pro cyclical bias intrinsic to financial systems would be introduced.

In addition to the tough new regime of personal accountability, the commission would supplement the Basel standards on bank capital with a tight leverage ratio.

The weight ratio of iron to silicon is 1.05 1.27 in Ganymede, whereas the solar ratio is around 1.8.

I came to realize that the political answer to this crisis must encompass more than improved regulatory regimes, risk management strategies, and capital requirements.

First, capital requirements should be set as a straightforward ratio of common equity to total assets, thereby abandoning all reference to banks own risk management models.

One partial result of this is that production in Europe has in many places become more labor intensive, with the capital to labor ratio tightening markedly.

In Africa, the ratio is 900 per 100,000.

In Switzerland, the leverage ratio is now central.

What's the student teacher ratio at your school?

The Golden Ratio is found everywhere in nature.

The mass ratio in this case is 81.30059.

They calculated that 75 to 80 of economic growth did not come from increasing the capital output ratio at least not if the private marginal product of capital was taken as an indicator of the social marginal product.

Today, capital in the developed world is abundant the saving ratio declines as people consume more and production shifts increasingly to services, where productivity gains are limited.

But Silicon Valley's history indicates that top universities, flexible labor and capital markets, and limited regulatory obstacles to entrepreneurship all help attract high tech companies.

Fourth, regulatory structures will need to be rebuilt, and this will require a global effort. Absent international coordination, the opportunities for destructive regulatory competition will defeat regulatory reform.

The key is to reflect on six kinds of capital goods business capital, infrastructure, human capital, intellectual capital, natural capital, and social capital.

While normal banks need an equity asset ratio of at least 7 , investment banks typically operated on a ratio of only 4 .

Ideally, drugs should have a favorable risk benefit ratio.

In the US, that ratio has remained relatively constant.

Ideally, drugs should have a favorable risk benefit ratio.

No chance of a regulatory revolution here.

A second structural adjustment concerns regulatory reform.

establishment of strong administrative and regulatory institutions.

So a country where labor productivity is low will become an attractive location for foreign direct investment, and the resulting increase in the capital labor ratio will raise productivity.

But there are indications that the process is being driven by regulatory change, and in some cases by regulatory protectionism.

Okay, I'm getting to the punch. Golden Ratio, it's crazy.

But the ratio is not the cause of the feedback.

Regulatory encouragement may be helpful, perhaps even necessary.

Discussion must start by agreeing on regulatory principles .

Financial innovation will proceed along with regulatory arbitrage.